Thaum 13:00 teev lub sijhawm hauv zos rau hnub tim 24 Lub Yim Hli 2023, lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear Fukushima Daiichi ntawm Nyiv tau pib tso cov dej uas muaj kuab paug nuclear mus rau hauv hiav txwv. Nws ua rau muaj kev txhawj xeeb thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Tus sawv cev ntawm Tuam Tshoj rau Nyiv Wu Jianghao tau tawm tsam tsoomfwv Nyiv txog kev tso cov dej uas muaj kuab paug nuclear Fukushima mus rau hauv hiav txwv; Tuam Tshoj Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Lis Kev Cai: Kev ncua tag nrho ntawm kev xa khoom hauv dej Nyiv; Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws Kaus Lim Qab Teb: Kaus Lim Qab Teb yuav tswj hwm kev txwv tsis pub xa khoom hauv dej Nyiv Fukushima tsis hloov pauv.
Cov dej phwj hauv nuclear, raws li lub npe qhia, yog cov dej phwj uas muaj cov tshuaj radioactivity. Xws li cov dej khib nyiab uas muaj cov tshuaj radioactive ntau heev uas tsim tawm hauv qhov xwm txheej xau ntawm nuclear, lossis cov dej txias uas kov ncaj qha nrog roj nuclear. Cov kws tshaj lij hais tias cov dej khib nyiab nuclear tsis sib npaug rau cov dej khib nyiab nuclear. Cov dej khib nyiab nuclear tseem muaj kev phom sij ntau dua, muaj 64 hom tshuaj radioactive nuclear suav nrog tritium.
Cov dej phwj hauv nuclear muaj ntau yam khoom siv radioactive, xws li uranium, plutonium, caesium, strontium, iodine thiab cobalt. Qee qhov ntawm lawv muaj ib nrab lub neej ntev, xws li ib nrab lub neej ntawm uranium-238, uas yog 4.5 billion xyoo, thiab ib nrab lub neej ntawm plutonium-239, uas yog 24,000 xyoo. Cov khoom siv radioactive no ua rau muaj kev phom sij loj rau tib neeg lub cev thiab ib puag ncig, xws li carcinogenicity, teratogenicity thiab mutagenicity. Nyob ntawm ntau qhov chaw thiab qhov xwm txheej, qhov concentration thiab proportions ntawm ntau yam khoom siv radioactive hauv nuclear effluent sib txawv, tab sis feem ntau dhau cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb thiab cov kev txwv kev nyab xeeb.
Yog tias cov dej phwj nuclear raug tso tawm mus rau hauv ib puag ncig yam tsis tau kho kom zoo, nws yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau lub ecosystem thiab tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv. Cov tshuaj radioactive tuaj yeem kis tau los ntawm dej, av, huab cua, cov saw hlau, thiab lwm yam, ua rau muaj cov tshuaj radiation ntau ntxiv hauv cov kab mob, ua rau muaj ntau yam kab mob thiab kev hloov pauv gene. Yog li ntawd, kev kho thiab pov tseg cov dej phwj nuclear yuav tsum ua raws li cov qauv kev nyab xeeb thiab cov qauv nruj kom tsis txhob muaj kev xau thiab xwm txheej.
Cov thev naus laus zis kho dej khib nyiab nuclear uas feem ntau siv hauv ntau lub tebchaws yog raws li nram no:
- Tshuaj los nag txoj kev
Txoj kev siv tshuaj lom neeg los ua kom cov dej khib nyiab sib xyaw ua ke thiab cov tshuaj radionuclides me me hauv cov dej khib nyiab. Cov hydroxides, carbonates, phosphates thiab lwm yam tshuaj radionuclides hauv cov dej khib nyiab feem ntau tsis yaj thiab yog li ntawd tuaj yeem tshem tawm thaum lub sijhawm kho. Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kho tshuaj lom neeg yog hloov thiab sib sau ua ke cov tshuaj radionuclides hauv cov dej khib nyiab mus rau hauv ib qho me me ntawm cov sludge, kom cov dej khib nyiab uas tau tso tseg muaj cov tshuaj radioactivity me ntsis thiab tuaj yeem ua tau raws li cov qauv tso tawm.
Qhov zoo ntawm txoj kev no yog tus nqi qis, kev tshem tawm zoo ntawm cov radionuclides logarithmic, thiab muaj peev xwm kho cov khoom tsis muaj radioactive thiab lawv cov concentration thiab cov dej khib nyiab nrog kev ua kom muaj zog ntau. Cov chaw kho mob thiab cov thev naus laus zis siv muaj kev paub dhau los zoo heev.
Tam sim no, cov tshuaj precipitators xws li cov ntsev hlau, cov ntsev txhuas, phosphates, thiab soda yog cov feem ntau siv. Yuav kom txhawb cov txheej txheem coagulation, cov khoom pab coagulation xws li av nplaum, activated silica, thiab polymer electrolytes raug ntxiv. Rau cesium, ruthenium, iodine thiab lwm yam radioactive nuclides uas nyuaj rau tshem tawm, yuav tsum siv cov tshuaj precipitators tshwj xeeb. Piv txwv li, cesium tuaj yeem tshem tawm los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ferric ferrocyanide thiab tooj liab ferrocyanide. Ib txhia neeg siv cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab xanthate uas tsis yaj tau los kho cov dej khib nyiab uas muaj hlau. Cov txiaj ntsig kho mob zoo, kev siv tau dav, thiab tus nqi tshem tawm radioactive yog >90%. Nws yog ib qho ion pauv flocculant nrog kev ua tau zoo heev. Vim tias tsis muaj sulfide seem thaum kho cov dej khib nyiab, nws tsim nyog dua rau kev kho cov dej khib nyiab.
- Ion pauv txoj kev
Muaj ntau cov radionuclides raug ionized hauv dej, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov dej khib nyiab radioactive tom qab kev kho tshuaj lom neeg. Vim yog kev tshem tawm cov radionuclides uas raug ncua thiab colloidal, qhov seem yog yuav luag cov hom ionic, feem ntau yog cations. Ntxiv mus, radionuclides muaj nyob rau hauv cov dej me me, yog li lawv tsim nyog heev rau kev kho ion pauv, thiab yog tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov ions tsis muaj radioactive, kev pauv ion tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tau zoo rau lub sijhawm ntev. Feem ntau cov cation pauv resins muaj peev xwm tshem tawm siab thiab muaj peev xwm pauv loj rau radioactive strontium. Cov phenolic cation resin tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov radioactive cesium, thiab cov microporous cation resin tsis tsuas yog tshem tawm cov radioactive cations, tab sis kuj tshem tawm zirconium, niobium, cobalt hauv daim ntawv ntawm colloids, thiab ruthenium hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov complexes los ntawm kev nqus. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj cai no muaj qhov tsis muaj zog tuag taus. Thaum cov ntsiab lus ntawm radioactive nuclides lossis cov ions tsis muaj radioactive hauv cov kua pov tseg siab, lub txaj resin yuav nkag mus sai sai thiab ua tsis tau zoo. Feem ntau, cov tshuaj siv los kho cov dej khib nyiab uas muaj radioactive tsis rov tsim dua, yog li thaum nws ua tsis tiav, nws yuav tsum tau hloov tam sim ntawd.
Txoj kev pauv ion siv cov ion pauv resin, uas yog tsim rau cov kua dej khib nyiab uas muaj cov ntsev tsawg. Thaum cov ntsev ntau, tus nqi kho nrog ion pauv resin siab dua li ntawm cov txheej txheem xaiv. Qhov no feem ntau yog vim qhov kev xaiv qis ntawm cov resin uas muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog radionuclides. Hauv kev ntxuav cov dej khib nyiab radioactive, kev siv electrodialysis tuaj yeem ua rau kev siv cov txheej txheem pauv ion zoo dua.
- Txoj kev nqus dej
Kev nqus dej yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo rau kev tshem tawm cov hlau hnyav ions ntawm dej los ntawm kev siv cov khoom khov kho uas muaj qhov ntxeem tau los nqus thiab tshem tawm cov hlau hnyav ions. Lub thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev nqus dej yog kev xaiv cov adsorbent. Cov adsorbents feem ntau siv yog cov pa roj carbon ua kom muaj zog, zeolite, kaolin, bentonite, av nplaum, thiab lwm yam. Ntawm lawv, zeolite pheej yig, muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab yooj yim tau txais. Piv nrog rau lwm cov inorganic adsorbents, zeolite muaj peev xwm nqus tau ntau dua thiab ua kom huv zoo dua. Lub peev xwm ntxuav ntawm zeolite yog 10 npaug ntau dua li lwm cov inorganic adsorbents, yog li nws yog tus neeg sawv cev kho dej sib tw heev. Nws feem ntau siv ua tus adsorbent hauv cov txheej txheem kho dej, thiab nws kuj ua haujlwm ua tus hloov pauv ion thiab tus neeg sawv cev lim dej.
Cov pa roj carbon uas ua kom muaj zog muaj peev xwm nqus tau zoo thiab muaj kev tshem tawm ntau, tab sis qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov pa roj carbon uas ua kom rov ua dua tshiab yog qis, thiab qhov zoo ntawm cov dej kho yog qhov nyuaj rau ua kom tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau rov siv dua. Tus nqi kim heev thiab daim ntawv thov tsawg. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, ntau yam khoom siv nqus nrog lub peev xwm nqus tau maj mam tsim. Cov kev tshawb fawb cuam tshuam tau qhia tias chitosan thiab nws cov derivatives yog cov adsorbents zoo rau cov hlau hnyav ions. Tom qab crosslinking, chitosan resin tuaj yeem rov siv dua ntau zaus yam tsis txo qhov muaj peev xwm nqus tau. Kev siv cov sepiolite hloov kho los kho cov dej khib nyiab hlau hnyav muaj peev xwm nqus tau zoo rau Co thiab Ag, thiab cov hlau hnyav hauv cov dej khib nyiab kho yog qis dua li cov qauv dej phwj tuaj.
- evaporation thiab concentration
Txoj kev siv cov tshuaj evaporative concentration muaj cov concentration factor siab thiab cov purification factor, thiab feem ntau yog siv los kho cov dej khib nyiab radioactive nruab nrab thiab siab. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ua haujlwm ntawm txoj kev evaporation yog: cov dej khib nyiab radioactive raug xa mus rau lub cuab yeej evaporation, thiab tib lub sijhawm, cov pa cua sov raug qhia kom ua kom cov dej ua pa, thaum cov radionuclides tseem nyob hauv dej. Cov dej condensed uas tsim thaum lub sijhawm evaporation raug tso tawm lossis rov siv dua, thiab cov kua concentrated raug khov ntxiv. Txoj kev siv cov tshuaj evaporation concentration tsis haum rau kev kho cov dej khib nyiab uas muaj cov nuclides volatile thiab yooj yim ua npuas; nws siv ntau lub zog cua sov thiab muaj cov nqi ua haujlwm siab; tib lub sijhawm, cov kev hem thawj xws li xeb, scaling, thiab tawg yuav tsum tau xav txog thaum tsim thiab ua haujlwm. Txhawm rau txhim kho kev siv cov pa thiab txo cov nqi ua haujlwm, cov tebchaws tau siv zog ntau hauv kev tsim cov evaporators tshiab, xws li cov vapor compression evaporators, cov zaj duab xis nyias evaporators, cov evaporators nqus tsev thiab lwm cov evaporators tshiab tau ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo kawg.
- Kev siv tshuab cais cov membrane
Kev siv tshuab membrane yog ib txoj kev kho cov dej khib nyiab uas muaj radioactive zoo, pheej yig thiab txhim khu kev qha. Vim tias kev siv tshuab sib cais membrane muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov dej khib nyiab zoo, tsis hloov pauv theem ntawm cov khoom siv, thiab siv hluav taws xob tsawg, kev siv tshuab membrane tau raug tshawb fawb txog.
Cov thev naus laus zis membrane siv txawv teb chaws yog: microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration , dej-soluble polymer - membrane filtration, reverse osmosis (RO), electrodialysis, membrane distillation, electrochemical ion exchange, kua membrane, ferrite adsorption filtration membrane separation thiab anion-exchange paper membrane thiab lwm txoj kev.
Ua npuas ncauj melamine, ib hom nanoscale ruaj khov peb-seem net organic filtration substrate, nws qhov loj me txog li 1nm, lub peev xwm pore txog li 0.297cc / g, qhov qhib pore txog li 98%. Nws tuaj yeem ua tiav kev nqus thiab lim dej ntawm cov dej phwj hauv nuclear, txawm tias feem ntau hom adsorbents tuaj yeem ntxiv nrog.
- Kev kho mob siv tshuaj lom neeg
Cov txheej txheem kho mob muaj xws li kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob thiab cov txheej txheem microbial. Kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob yog hais txog cov thev naus laus zis kho mob tshiab uas siv cov nroj tsuag ntsuab thiab lawv cov kab mob me me hauv paus txawm los ua haujlwm ua ke los tshem tawm cov pa phem hauv ib puag ncig.
Los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig tshawb fawb uas twb muaj lawm, cov hom kev siv bioremediation feem ntau suav nrog kev siv tshuab ua av noo, kev siv tshuab lim dej rhizosphere, kev siv tshuab rho tawm cov nroj tsuag, kev siv tshuab ua kom cov nroj tsuag khov, thiab kev siv tshuab ua kom cov nroj tsuag evaporation. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sim qhia tau tias yuav luag txhua yam uranium hauv cov dej tuaj yeem nplua nuj hauv cov hauv paus ntawm cov nroj tsuag.
Kev kho cov dej khib nyiab uas muaj cov tshuaj radioactive tsawg yog ib txoj kev siv tshuab tshiab uas tau pib kawm thaum xyoo 1960. Muaj qee qhov kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshem tawm uranium hauv cov dej khib nyiab radioactive los ntawm txoj kev no hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws, tab sis feem ntau ntawm lawv nyob rau theem kev tshawb fawb sim tam sim no.
Nrog rau kev txhim kho biotechnology thiab kev kawm tob txog cov txheej txheem sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov kab mob me me thiab cov hlau, tib neeg maj mam paub tias kev siv cov kab mob me me los kho cov dej khib nyiab uas muaj kuab paug yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo heev. Cov hlwb microbial yog siv los ua cov neeg sawv cev kho mob kom nqus, nplua nuj thiab rov qab tau cov radionuclides xws li uranium hauv cov kua dej, uas muaj kev ua haujlwm siab, pheej yig thiab siv hluav taws xob tsawg. Ntxiv mus, tsis muaj cov kuab paug thib ob, uas tuaj yeem ua tiav lub hom phiaj txo qis ntawm cov khib nyiab radioactive thiab tsim cov xwm txheej zoo rau kev rov ua dua lossis kev pov tseg geological ntawm nuclides.
- Txoj kev siv magneto-molecule
Lub Koom Haum Tshawb Fawb Txog Fais Fab Hluav Taws Xob Hauv Tebchaws Meskas (EPRI) tau tsim txoj kev Mag-Mole-clue los txo cov khib nyiab radioactive xws li strontium, cesium thiab cobalt uas tsim tawm. Txoj kev no yog raws li cov protein hu ua ferritin, uas tau hloov kho kom siv cov hlau nplaum sib nqus los xaiv cov khoom tsis huv, uas tom qab ntawd raug tshem tawm ntawm cov tshuaj los ntawm cov hlau nplaum, thiab tom qab ntawd cov hlau nplaum uas khi tau rov qab los ntawm kev ntxuav lub txaj lim hlau nplaum. Ferritin yog cov protein ntau yam uas khaws cia ntau yam uas feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj txhu, uas muaj cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tiv taus cov kua qaub dilute (pH <2.0), cov hauv paus dilute (pH = 12.0), thiab qhov kub siab dua (tsis hloov pauv rau 70 ～ 75 ° C dej kub). Nrog rau kev tshawb fawb ferritin tob zuj zus, kev vam meej zoo tau ua tiav hauv kev kawm txog cov haujlwm tshiab hauv vitro siv qhov chaw nano ntawm nws lub plhaub protein. Kev tshawb fawb hauv vitro tau qhia tias ferritin muaj peev xwm khaws cov hlau hnyav ions hauv vitro. Ntxiv rau, cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau tsom mus rau txoj hauv kev ntawm kev khaws cia hlau thiab tso tawm los ntawm ferritin siv lwm cov hlau hnyav ions ua probes uas sib tw nrog hlau ions. Hauv kev sib piv, cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau qhia tias cov khoom no ntawm ferritin los ntes cov hlau ions thiab tiv taus kev thim rov qab tuaj yeem siv los tsim lub tshuab hluav taws xob ferritin thiab siv nws hauv thaj teb rau kev saib xyuas tas mus li ntawm qib kev ua qias tuaj ntawm cov dej ntws los ntawm cov hlau hnyav ions. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb hauv vitro, qee cov hlau nuclei, xws li FeS nuclei, CdS nuclei, Mn3O4 nuclei, Fe3O4 hlau nplaum nuclei thiab uranium nuclei ntawm cov khoom siv radioactive, tau raug sib sau ua ke zoo rau hauv qhov chaw nano ntawm cov protein ferritin plhaub.
- Txoj kev kho kom tsis muaj zog
Pennsylvania State University thiab Savannah River National Laboratory tau tsim ib txoj kev tshiab rau kev ua cov kua dej khib nyiab uas muaj radioactive tsawg mus rau hauv daim ntawv khov kom ruaj ntseg. Cov txheej txheem tshiab no siv txoj kev coagulation kub qis (< 90°C) los tswj cov kua dej khib nyiab uas muaj alkaline ntau, tsis muaj zog, uas yog, hloov cov kua dej khib nyiab mus rau hauv lub cev khov uas tsis muaj zog. Cov kws tshawb fawb hu lub cev kho kawg ua "hydro ceramic" (lub bisque-fired porous ceramic). Lawv hais tias lub cev khov kawg yog tawv heev, ruaj khov thiab kav ntev, thiab tuaj yeem kho cov radionuclides hauv nws cov qauv zeolite. Cov txheej txheem npaj no zoo ib yam li cov txheej txheem tsim ntawm pob zeb hauv xwm.
- Kev siv tshuab ua kom cov hlau percolation tsis muaj zog
Qhov permeable reactive barrier (PRB) yog ib txoj kev uas tshwm sim hauv cov teb chaws tsim kho xws li Tebchaws Europe thiab Tebchaws Meskas rau kev tshem tawm cov khoom muaj kuab paug hauv cov dej hauv av uas muaj kuab paug. PRBs feem ntau raug teeb tsa hauv cov dej hauv av, perpendicular rau qhov kev taw qhia ntawm cov dej hauv av. Thaum cov dej hauv av uas muaj kuab paug ntws los ntawm phab ntsa tshuaj tiv thaiv raws li nws tus kheej hydraulic gradient, cov kuab paug yuav raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev tshuaj tiv thaiv lub cev thiab tshuaj nrog cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv phab ntsa, kom ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kho kom rov qab muaj kuab paug.
Qhov no yog ib txoj kev kho dua tshiab uas tsis tas yuav tsum tau saib xyuas ntau thiab pheej yig. Ua ib ceg tseem ceeb ntawm PRB thev naus laus zis, Fe0-PRB thev naus laus zis tau raug tshawb fawb thiab tsim kho hauv ntau lub tebchaws thiab hauv ntau yam ntawm kev kho cov dej hauv av. Cov txiaj ntsig zoo tau ua tiav hauv kev kawm txog cov txheej txheem tshuaj tiv thaiv, cov qauv thiab kev teeb tsa ntawm PRBs, thiab kev kawm txog cov ntaub ntawv tshiab. Cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Tuam Tshoj tau pib kawm txog cov thev naus laus zis phab ntsa percolation uas sawv cev los ntawm xoom-valent hlau rau kev kho (kev kho) ntawm uranium tailings radioactive wastewater, thiab kev tshawb fawb tam sim no tau ua tiav qee qhov txiaj ntsig.
Yog xav paub ntxiv txog SINOYQX melamine ua npuas ncauj nanofiltration khoom, thov hu rau peb ntawm [email protected] lossis hu rau peb: + 86-28-8411-1861.
Qee cov duab thiab cov ntawv luam tawm los ntawm Is Taws Nem, thiab cov ntawv pov thawj yog los ntawm tus sau thawj. Yog tias muaj kev ua txhaum cai, thov hu rau peb kom tshem tawm.